$ arduino-cli
[...]
      --log-file string           Path to the file where logs will be written.
      --log-format string         The output format for the logs, can be: text, json
      --log-level string          Messages with this level and above will be logged. Valid levels are: trace, debug, info, warn, error, fatal, panic
      --no-color                  Disable colored output.
  -v, --verbose                   Print the logs on the standard output.

$ arduino-cli compile -b arduino:avr:uno -v
[...there is no way to display log with compile command...]

$ arduino-cli upload -b arduino:avr:uno -p /dev/ttyACM0 -v
[...there is no way to display log with upload command...]

$ arduino-cli
[...]
      --log                       Print the logs on the standard output.
      --log-file string           Path to the file where logs will be written.
      --log-format string         The output format for the logs, can be: text, json
      --log-level string          Messages with this level and above will be logged. Valid levels are: trace, debug, info, warn, error, fatal, panic
      --no-color                  Disable colored output.

Use "arduino-cli [command] --help" for more information about a command.

$ arduino-cli compile -b arduino:avr:uno -v --log
[...run verbose compile and print logs together...]

$ arduino-cli upload -b arduino:avr:uno -p /dev/ttyACM0 -v
[...run verbose upload and print logs together...]